Dịch Đại Cương - Bài Giữa Kỳ

 

1. What are the different definitions on translation?

Roman Jakobson defined translation as "the interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language."' Through this process of translation, texts in one language are transformed into texts in another language with the same meaning. These materials range from the isolated words in a language to the complex network of sentences of philosophical texts.

Some scholars define translation as an art or craft and some others call it a science. It is called an art as all good translations are expressions of the creative urge of the translators. Likewise, it is a science because of the technical formalities and complexities involved in its process.

Oxford University defines translation as ‘The process of translating words or text from one language into another:’ The Cambridge Dictionary also endorses that. This can mean the word to word rendering of the text in one language to another or replacing the equivalents of the words or phrases in one text to another. The translated text may have formal equivalence when the source text and the translated text look alike in form. It may have functional equivalence when the source text and the target text or translated text convey the same sense or perform the same function, though they have formal differences. It is often seen that the idioms and usage of the source language creep into the target language through translations which often enrich and shape the target language.

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a text in a source language (SL) into a comprehensive version of target language (TL) without causing any loss to the original message.

We cannot confine translation to one or two definitions. It is elastic in nature and depends upon the person who does the translation. It differs from language to language, and from culture to culture. Hence it is not as easy as it is thought to be. While trying to be a different version of the original, it maintains its own uniqueness, an identity of its own.

2. What is the nature of translation?  

Translation is an interpretative process. The nature of translation depends upon the nature of the document. Translation of a technical or promotional document is easier and requires less skill and expertise than the translation of a text of literature. The vocabulary, grammatical rules and the sentence structures would match with the nature of the document, the source language and the target audience. A successful translation satisfies the needs of the target audience, either in terms of suitable structures or forms or in terms of the appropriate transfer of meaning from the source text to the target text.

Besides having equal expertise in the source language and the target language, a good translator should also have a flair for writing in the target language and be familiar with the socio-cultural context in which a text is set. A successful translator is not a mechanical translator of a text. She/he puts in his/her creativity to the fullest extent and goes into the soul of the content. We can visualize him/her as a co-creator of the target language text as the translated text he almost recreates the text reflecting his culture and personality.

While translating, a translator takes into account the lexicon, grammatical structure and cultural context of the text in the source language to understand the meaning built in the text and then transfers the same meaning to the text in the target language with the help of lexicon and grammatical structure appropriate to the target language and its cultural context. In this process, every care is taken to ensure that there is no or minimum loss of meaning. Earlier, faithfulness to the original text was considered to be one of the greatest responsibilities of the translators. But now, with the mushrooming of multiple cultures and languages and diversity of political views in a given context, the translator takes liberty with the original text to allow some accommodation or adaptation in order to keep pace with the sense or spirit of the original. Accommodation is inevitable in practice if the translation is to maintain the essence, impact, and effect of the text in the source language. This is particularly true of poetry where the text is highly emotive and artistic in nature. A translator may come across a couple of words which are culturally-rooted and thus untranslatable. Such words are difficult to be translated if the cultural context is missing. But the fact is that individual words may not be translatable, but language is.                                 

II. Translation practice

1. Translate the following text into Vietnamese (30 points)

           The two most interesting arguments in The Concept of the Corporation actually had little to do with the decentralization fad. They were to dominate his work. The first had to do with “empowering” workers. Drucker believed in treating workers as resources rather than just as costs. He was a harsh critic of the assembly-line system of production that then dominated the manufacturing sector – partly because assembly lines moved at the speed of the slowest and partly because they failed to engage the creativity of individual workers. The second argument had to do with the rise of knowledge workers. Drucker argued that the world is moving from an “economy of goods” to an economy of “knowledge” – and from a society dominated by an industrial proletariat to one dominated by brain workers. He insisted that this had profound implications for both managers and politicians. Managers had to stop treating workers like cogs in a huge inhuman machine and start treating them as brain workers. In turn, politicians had to realise that knowledge, and hence education, was the single most important resource for any advanced society.

Hai lập luận thú vị nhất trong Khái niệm về tập đoàn thực sự không liên quan nhiều đến xu hướng phân quyền. Họ đã chi phối công việc của anh ta. Việc đầu tiên phải làm với "trao quyền" cho người lao động. Drucker tin tưởng vào việc coi người lao động là nguồn lực thay vì chỉ là chi phí. Ông là người chỉ trích gay gắt hệ thống dây chuyền sản xuất khi đó thống trị lĩnh vực sản xuất - một phần vì các dây chuyền lắp ráp di chuyển với tốc độ chậm nhất và một phần vì chúng không thu hút được sự sáng tạo của từng người lao động. Lập luận thứ hai liên quan đến sự gia tăng của những người lao động tri thức. Drucker lập luận rằng thế giới đang chuyển từ “nền kinh tế hàng hóa” sang nền kinh tế “tri thức” - và từ một xã hội do giai cấp vô sản công nghiệp thống trị sang một xã hội do những người lao động trí óc thống trị. Ông nhấn mạnh rằng điều này có ý nghĩa sâu sắc đối với cả các nhà quản lý và chính trị gia. Các nhà quản lý đã phải ngừng đối xử với công nhân như những chiếc bánh răng trong một cỗ máy khổng lồ vô nhân đạo và bắt đầu coi họ như những người lao động trí óc. Đổi lại, các chính trị gia phải nhận ra rằng kiến ​​thức, và do đó giáo dục, là nguồn lực quan trọng nhất đối với bất kỳ xã hội tiên tiến nào.

 

 2. Translate the following text into English (30 points) 

                       Lúc này phải coi tất cả hàng hóa đều là thiết yếu trừ hàng cấm, tất cả đều quan trọng, theo Bộ trưởng Giao thông Vận tải Nguyễn Văn Thể. Ông Nguyễn Văn Thể nêu ý kiến trên tại cuộc họp trực tuyến cùng Bộ Công Thương, Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn, UBND các tỉnh, thành về tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho vận chuyển hàng hóa, nông sản, chiều 25/8. Lãnh đạo ngành giao thông nêu rõ, tất cả các tuyến đường bộ, đường thủy đều là luồng xanh phục vụ vận chuyển hàng hóa."Các phương tiện vận chuyển hàng hóa đều được lưu thông; cấp mã QR code là để tạo ưu tiên khi qua chốt, chỉ tiền kiểm, hậu kiểm và xử lý nghiêm minh với các vi phạm", ông nói và đề nghị các chốt khi kiểm soát phải đảm bảo không xảy ra ùn tắc giao thông kéo dài, nghiêm trọng; nếu xảy ra ùn tắc phải xả chốt ngay.

At this time, all goods must be considered as essential except for prohibited goods, all are important, according to Transport Minister Nguyen Van The. Mr. Nguyen Van The mentioned the above opinion at an online meeting with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the People's Committees of provinces and cities on creating favorable conditions for the transport of goods and agricultural products, on the afternoon of 25/02. 8. Leaders of the transport sector stated that all roads and waterways are green channels for transporting goods." Vehicles transporting goods are allowed to circulate; issuing QR codes is to create priority. when passing the checkpoint, only pre-check, post-check and strictly handle violations", he said and suggested that the checkpoints when controlling must ensure that there are no prolonged and serious traffic jams; If there is a traffic jam, the gate must be released immediately.