Ngữ Âm Lý Thuyết - Bài Giữa Kỳ - Đề 3

 Question 1: What is a phoneme? How are phonemes classified? Give examples to illustrate your answer.

Question 2: What is stress? What are the rules applied for affix-words? Give examples to illustrate your answer.

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Question 1: What is a phoneme? How are phonemes classified? Give examples to illustrate your answer.

A phoneme is a unit of sound used in phonology and linguistics to identify one word from another. However, the West Midlands and north-west regions of England are major exceptions to this rule, since their dialects use a single phoneme, /sn/, to differentiate between the sound patterns /sn/ (sin) and /s/ (sing). A minimal pair is a pair of words that vary in meaning only by a single phoneme. A phonetic variation of a single phoneme is understood if two sequences varying only in the pronunciation of the end sounds [n] or [] are recognized as having the same meaning in another language. /p/ and /b/ are written between slashes for phonemes that are established through the usage of minimum pairings, such as tap versus tab or pat vs bat. Linguists use square brackets to indicate pronunciation: [ph] (indicating an aspirated p in pat). In terms of what phonemes are and how a particular language should be studied in phonemic terms, there are a variety ofopinions. In contrast, a phoneme is an abstraction of a group of speech sounds (phones) that are interpreted as comparable in a specific language.

This is the total number of phonemes in ARPAbet, which is divided into vowels and consonants, and the number of each is 19. Vowels and consonants are further subdivided into subcategories based on how they are pronounced. Stops, affricates, nasals, and semivowels are the most prevalent forms of consonants. In order to produce a stop, the air in the mouth is compressed and then released, resulting in a "stop gap". The energy of stop noises is often high at low frequencies, about 200 Hz. It is possible to produce some friction at the site of contact because of the looser constriction in the mouth of fricatives. The majority of their acoustic energy is concentrated in the higher frequency range. Sibilants and non-sibilants are two categories of fricatives. When it comes to sibilant sounds, turbulence noise is more prevalent than in nonsibilant sounds. Unlike plosives, nasal constriction allows air to travel via the nose, but not the mouth, unlike plosives. Because the nose is less effective at radiating energy to the outside than the mouth, the nose shows a sudden drop in total energy. Nasals, like vowels, contain formant frequencies and a voiced characteristic in the frequency domain.

Question 2: What is stress? What are the rules applied for affix-words? Give examples to illustrate your answer.

Putting emphasis on a single syllable of a word is known as "word stress." A word may be stressed or unstressed depending on whether it has more than one syllable since we don't pronounce all of them equally in English. As the name suggests, the breath we expel from our lungs is more powerful when we speak in the form of syllables that are stressed. However, they may also be longer, or have a higher or lower pitch. It is common to refer to unstressed syllables as such, and they are often not spoken as clearly as the others. In certain lengthier words, there may be more than one "strong syllable" that stands out more than the others. It is called primary and secondary stress, with primary stress taking precedence. It is common to see the sign / inserted before the stressed syllable on a phonemic chartand transcription. We use the sign / before the relevant syllable in words with secondary stress (e.g. everybody: /ev.ri.bad.i/).

The act of adding syllables to the beginning or end of a word is known as affixation in English. Prefixes and suffixes may be added to a base to form new words. Certain suffixes (such as -ion and -ic) in the English language influence where the stress falls in a word. As a rule, these suffixes exist in the same families of words as other suffixes (specification is a good example). It's important to grasp the principles for forecasting word stress based on suffixes in order to ensure that your listeners can identify your words when you use them correctly. Hence, the syllable just before one of these suffixes should be stressed. In addition, prefixes such as a, un, be, in, pro, ex, ob, and dis are all often used. Prefixes are seldom emphasised in sentences. This term is emphasised by focusing on only the first syllable of its basic form.